Non – Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are organizations that are neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business. NGOs are set up by ordinary citizens and may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses, or private persons.  Good governance is very important in an NGO because the latter is accountable to the community.   Since they benefit directly or indirectly from public support, NGOs are expected to demonstrate a high degree of accountability to their surrounding community.  This community includes members, beneficiaries, donors, the government, and other stakeholders or constituencies. As such to good governance here becomes the steer that can guide NGOs towards social accountability.

The eight principles of good governance are : accountability, transparency, responsive,  equitable and inclusive, effective , efficient and participatory.  These eight principles are the base of good governance whereby any NGO who follow them shall not only perform better and at the same time be a better-managed organization but also get the trust of the different stakeholders.

According to the World Bank, Good governance has to have three aspects:

First, the form of political regime;

Second the process by which authority is exercised in the management of a country’s social and economic resources for development.

Third, the capacity of the government to design, formulate and implement policies and discharge functions.

Generally, all NGOs have a “basic document” as required by law, that is, the act of incorporation, statute, etc.  This document explicitly designs the name of the governing bodies, their roles and responsibilities within the organization.  It also states how an NGO function, i.e., the board and the distribution of decision making powers.  This is the governance structure of NGOs in Mauritius generally.  Now in order to bring in good governance, the whole structure has a crucial role to play.  Since the board members are the pillars of an NGO structure, they are the ones who are going to implement that aspect of good governance.

Firstly, we have a board which is the principle governing body and also takes decisions.  For a better governance the board members should proceed towards having collective decision making that will represent the interest of all stakeholders while still being focused on their mission.  In other words involve all the responsible parties in order to understand the needs of the organization.  These collective decision making processes have a practical benefit also.  The involvement of all members brings more breadth of perspective and depth thereby surpassing the abilities of a single leader.  This also brings up much transparency in the work and role of the board.

Secondly, when a board governs, it generally has staffs that manage.  The division of duties between board and staff often leaves a gap between them and affects the effectiveness of the whole process from decision making to implementing.  But for a better governance to be in action it is crucial that the board must involve and participate in the implementation task thus eliminating the gap that hinders the board from fully understanding the needs and requirements of the organization and thus become more responsive.  This also encourages all the parties involved to be more confident and the end result be better decision making.

Taking in account the impact that good governance, it is easy to understand that the latter is beneficial for all, be it the stakeholders, the society or the government.  Good governance can improve the transparency of NGOs, involve participation, be more responsive, responsible and be effective and efficient and have more social accountability.  This will generate trust of one and all.

NGO’s are non governmental organizations that represent the most forceful voices for ordinary people. They are the most strident advocates of diversity and participatory citizenry and come with strong proposals of change. The biggest advantages of NGO’s are; they are transparently managed and oriented to represent public interest They also promote community improvement and campaign for human rights, social justice and other billowing issues arising in the globalized world. For an NGO to function efficiently, it is important to have a substantial level of willingness from its volunteers who work assiduously without any material interest. NGOs should also adopt a proactive approach to their work and have a visionary and practical agenda.

Good governance in NGO’s is as important as it is in private and public sectors. Good governance in NGOs is the way strategies and measures are taken through the principles of integrity, transparency and accountability. The named board have a prime responsibility of proper functioning of every division of the organization. It is a matter of paramount importance that NGOs are in the parameters and guidelines of good governance and apply a high level of transparency and accountability to every task they deal with. If NGOs aim at promoting performance and accountability in the humanitarian system, they will primarily need to demonstrate these same principles in the management of their own coordination and self-regulation mechanisms. This greatly improves quality and accountability.
NGOs are not exempt to corruption. Corruption, includes nepotism, bribery and fraud and can lead to conflict thus undermining the work of NGOs and also leading to an amiss reputation. Corruption acts as one of the major barrier in the achievement of good governance in NGOs and it should thus be ensured that the principles adopted by the organizations are fully ethical and do not converge in any way to the orb of corruption.

NGO leaders should be able to apply the principles of good governance in regulating any process of their respective organizations. Their proposed agenda should be gripping enough so as to initiate a high level of volunteerism including many youngster who will work at a collective level and initiate their voice to become a permanent component in decision making.

There should be regular reports of any funds through accounting, budgeting and audit processes. Audit processes are carried out by social accounting and verification. This intense internal control of funds helps to manage the economic assets of an NGO and helps to build up a good financial system which is crucial for any organization. Auditing provides a major framework for good governance. Reports to stakeholders is a chief asset for effective and legitimate NGO assessment. Furthermore, participation facilitates the claim of product, which is essential to bring about a positive change. In a deeper meaning, ensuring a balanced participatory system in civil society creates trust and engagement of the stakeholders in the organization.

NGOs should in no way be related to any political parties, or else this inquest the basis of their inception. They should adopt an ethic of neutrality so as to promote standards and principles of the country. NGOs should note that indulging in any malpractices or nefarious works is highly detrimental to their reputation and undermines the trust and support of their stakeholders and as well as the public. They must regularly analyze any potential risk of corruption and alleviate these risk as well as implement productive mechanisms for strengthening their overall internal systems. NGOs also need to present legitimate accounts for their decisions and activities they are undertaking, this ignites a high level of transparency and compliance.

To promote an accountable and transparent humanitarian response, NGOs should be able to identify accountability gaps present at any level and assist to tackle the problem. Also, feedback and complaints mechanisms should be imperatively included as part of the coordination system. These will ensure that NGOs work efficiently under the a top-notch leadership of a dedicated cadre.

I fathom that NGOs are imperative to be of assistance to any government. However, we shouldn’t neglect the realities that come with and from NGOs. Most NGOs comes with terms and conditions, “the hand that feeds you, controls you” aspect is very much the equivalent in this era and century. So, just how effective are NGOs? Will they have the aptitude to be implemental tools for good governance without being bias? Is it possible for NGOs to implement good governance fairly, transparently and accordingly without pushing a hidden agenda? The answers to the above-mentioned are a paradox. It is an enigma of its own that needs proper dissection and or perusal, whilst taking cognizance of all the positive change NGOs are able to convey in ALL levels. Also, “Perception of Interpretation” shall be observed in my findings. The following are my thesis;

NGO – Non Governmental Organization

• According to Wikipedia, non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens’ group which is organized on a local, national or international level. In other words, the organization should NOT be dedicated at making a profit.

Objectives of an NGO

• NGO – brings the balance, of rich and poor, ethical development, inclusion, counter social unfairness, voices of the vulnerable, watchdog of development.

Structures Representing for Social Development

• Government – Policy Making à Responsibility à Accountability
• NGO – Civil Societies àEthical Development àMake a positive change
• Private Sector – Business Development à Investments à Profit àReinforce Economy

According to Mr.Dana Chengan’s presentation on Good Governance in NGOs, the below is the “Impact of Good Governance in Youth Organisation and or NGOs (of which I agree) ;

• Promotes TRUST in the organisation and its
• Improves morale among staff and stakeholders.

• Enhances services to the public and stakeholders.
• Improves decision making and quality of these decisions
• Connects your organisation è Board/Members/Stakeholders
• Enhances the perception of the organisation among people and stakeholders.
• Improves the ability to weather a crisis.
• Improves financial and resources stability. ”  

The following mechanisms can be employed to ensure good governance;

The mechanisms that have emerged in recent times to ensure the good governance of NGOs working in Namibia can be attributed in part to the interactions and exchanges between international and national NGOs. While many national NGOs, whether at a national level, have arrangements such as a board of directors, there is still a significant gap between their adoption and their effectiveness. Here, it is useful to consider three mechanisms or arrangements identified by interviewees that are important aspects of accountability and transparency: a board of directors, strategic planning, and direct involvement by key stakeholders. By focusing on the importance of each mechanism, it is possible to understand the relations between national and international NGOs and the level of exchange between the two in creating more accountable systems.

Having a board of directors for an NGO is a general indication of its infrastructure for accountability, as the organization is accountable to a group of individuals appointed from beyond the organization. One of the greatest weaknesses of national NGOs is their governing system. Most National NGOs do not have a board of directors because of the difficulty in establishing one, and also in finding willing and experienced local people to sit on the board. For National NGOs that have established a board of directors, it is not uncommon for the head of the organization to preside over the board. The selection of the board members must come under scrutiny to determine the board’s impartiality and objectivity. It is appropriate to query the objectivity of a board in seeking to guarantee that the organization is free from any wrong-doing or unprofessional practices.

In conclusion, all that is left for NGOs is to operate on trust which is both respectable and perilous.

What does a NGO do? It represents the voice of those who cannot be heard, those who feel concerned about their situation in the society as well as in the country in general, those who wish to ‘warn’ the government about a situation amongst others. How do a NGO promote a nation to place their trust on it?

Good governance is a whole concept where we hear the terms transparency, accountability, honesty, politics, democracy… “Good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development”, Kofi Annan. Good governance’s objective should move away from the mainstream theories and include the people-the population needs to be incorporated in this process. The NGOs implement good governance through civil society actions focusing on empowerment. Good governance today plays a paramount role in the NGOs where money is involved, decision making processes, clear reporting lines, budget management and others. How is this implemented?

Some principles for good governance to be applied in a NGO are, inter-alia:

1. Participation

The type of empowerment and participation described in this partner agreement is different from just electoral participation. Participation is here used in order to obtain influence in the policies that affect them. By participating in the validation of development plans and budgeting, civil society may have a say or at least be able to express their views on the matters. One is that civil society may participate but after all it is the politicians who make the final decision. Even though civil society may have been consulted it does not necessarily imply that the final say appears to their advantage. Additionally, preparing a policy proposal every year does not equal the implementation or consideration of it. Another issue is the problem of reaching the very poor in society. People who have a hard time making a living are difficult to get to participate because political participation then is an extra aspect to deal with which does not make the highest priority. Participation of the civil society makes room for an informed and reflective section. Participation mechanisms can provide the opportunity for transparent feedback so local governments can hear from a broad diversity of people regularly. A related concept is consensus orientation –the process of establishing mutual understanding among diverse stakeholders about what is in the best interest of the whole community or society and the general direction for achieving that vision. Sustained good governance requires mediating different interests and establishing broad consensus in order for government and citizens to be able to take actions and the society to function without frequent conflict.

2. Transparency

Transparency means that decisions, and their enforcement, follow established rules and regulations.

It also means that all people who will be affected by such decisions have access to easily understandable information– in local languages and accessible to illiterate and blind/deaf community members. Transparency means sharing information and acting in an open manner. It promotes access to information. Information, however, must be timely, relevant, accurate and complete for it to be used effectively such as through community radio. Transparency is also considered essential for controlling corruption in public life. Through public financial accountability and transparency, CSO and government can learn to more efficiently allocate resources. A lack of transparency can lead to inefficiencies and hinder development.

Transparency = The act of sharing information openly, that is, a characteristic of accountability.

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers– Article 19, UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.

Governance, from the vantage point of both government and the governed, has always depended on control of information and access to it. Fostering sound public judgment through informed dialogue is central to good governance. To achieve this, governments and citizens depend on information, data analysis and distribution. Information truly is power when resources and access are at stake. And peoples’ ability to control and shape information and channels of distribution are important aspects of that power.

3. Equity and inclusiveness

The NGO proposing any new laws or projects, should do so in an equitable manner which will eventually instill trust in the society. This can be done through proper setting up of laws and by-laws; involving the society to partake in these discussions and to allow them to have a say. A society’s wellbeing depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it, do not feel excluded from the mainstream, and therefore want to participate. This requires that all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. Everyone should feel concerned irrespective of his or her position in the social strata.

4. Accountability

Accountability is a key requirement of good governance and constitutes the other side of participation. Accountability can take many forms, including accurate reporting of financial data, the publication of annual reports, and the responsible use of resources. One of the basic indicators of accountability within a group is its system of internal review and sharing findings as the NGO requires of beneficiaries. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general, an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. Government institutions, the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders about what they have done, will do or failed to do. Accountability requires both transparency and the rule of law. Accountability involves reciprocal and full exchange of information. For example, in the case of CSOs, an organization has a responsibility to share information with the Principles: Good governance is accountable, participatory, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in consensus oriented decision-making.

Another aspect of civic participation is holding public sector actors accountable. Both the private sector and civil society have a role as “watchdogs” to promote government accountability. Watchdogs are organizations or networks that monitor specific issues, share information with key stakeholders or the general public and engage government counterparts in constructive dialogue.

I learned during this session that the structure to bring social economic and democratic development is divided in three parts Government, Private sector and NGO’s & civil society.

The responsibility of the Government:

• Policy makers
• Responsibility to apply
• Accountability to citizens

NGO’s grouping of willingness to bring positive change for doing something with heart, for e.g. when you work in the field of poverty; you are part of the people. You need to create a good impact at the first point of contact with the client to build trust and a good relationship.

Democracy and good governance are the voice of everybody who helps to take and apply decision.

I learned that perception and interpretation are two things different and we need to know how to adopt a strategic way to come up with a solution.

NGO’s responsibility is to bring proposition to the government for the implementation of projects in any field for e.g. education and poverty.

The characteristics and principles:

• Compliance and direction
• Performance
• Accountability and transparency for the beneficiary, agency and all stakeholders
• Equity and fairness
• Voice

The outcome should be:

• Trust
• Lead us towards efficiency and effectiveness
• Doorway to success

We need to know how to manage people and to work properly for the administrative purpose and be accountable for everything we do.

Steps to use by running an NGO’s:

• Analyse your stakeholders
• Reflection
• Funding agency
• Sustainability can succeed
• Innovative ideas
• New ways of doing something
• Expectation
• Good Communication
• Advocacy
• Strong proposal of change
• Acceptation

You should be the role model and NGO’s should exclude political parties and cooperatives.

For the encouragement need to use this kind of phrase I Believe you care about me or I believe you are competent and capable.

Good Governance in Politics:

• Responsibility
• Politics
• Change maker
• Advantages
• Control influence
• Human rights
• Leverage
• Processes
• Violence
• Transparency
• Accountability
• Poverty

For me the Youth can make a positive change and impact in Mauritius through social media and at grass root level, for instance this International Forum on Good Governance organised by YUVA Mauritius is an example.

Agendas:

• Defined?
• Political motivations
• Crippling the process
• Genuine action-based line
• Policy
• Implementation

Advantages:

• Large movement/Transformation
• Democratic acceleration
• Decrease in human displacement
• Greater confidence
• Control and influence

Human rights:

Better governance=Better politics=Decent Human rights

Improved governance requires an integrated, long-term strategy built upon cooperation between government and citizens. It involves both participation and institutions.

The Rule of Law, Accountability, and Transparency are technical and legal issues at some levels, but also interactive to produce government that is legitimate, effective, and widely supported by citizens, as well as a civil society that is strong, open, and capable of playing a positive role in politics and government. This paper considers goals for better governance, key challenges confronting efforts at reform, examples of successful good-governance efforts, and action steps for improving both participation and institutions.

Goals identified are:

• Legitimate, effective, responsive institutions and policies (“embedded autonomy”)
• Understandable processes and outcomes:
• Transparency:
• Incentives to sustain good governance:
• Vertical accountability:
• Horizontal accountability and leaders, and among segments of government:

Key challenges that must be addressed include:

• Avoiding excessive legislation and regulation
• Giving politics its place in good governance
• Building broad-based support for reform
• Paying close attention to incentives for leaders and citizens

Assessing public opinion:

• Strengthening checks and balances, both administrative and political
• Recognizing opposition to reform
• Thinking regionally
• Staying focused on the long term

Action steps are proposed for both the participation and institution dimensions of governance:

Participation:

• Rule of law

: A frank, broad-based assessment of representation, civil society, social

Support and compliance with policy

• Accountability

: Public opinion, consultation, evaluations of government

• Transparency

: Public education

Institutions:

• Rule of Law

: Clear institutional standards and enforcement

• Accountability

: Responsibility, checks and balances

• Transparency:

Open and understandable rules, procedures, information are important.

The emphasis is not on novel ideas so much as sustained, coordinated effort that brings leaders and citizens together in support of common goals.

http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan010193.pdf

There are a number of ideas and principles for making good decisions that affect many people i.e. decisions made by civil society organizations or governmental authorities, at a local, national or international level. These ideas form the principles of Good Governance and are used by international and local NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization) as well as donors and governments themselves. They are also embedded in the Good Governance Framework.

Accountability

Accountability is a key requirement of good governance and constitutes the other side of participation. Accountability can take many forms, including accurate reporting of financial data, the publication of annual reports, and the responsible use of resources. One of the basic indicators of accountability within a group is its system of internal review and sharing findings as the NGO requires of beneficiaries. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general, an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. Government institutions, the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders about what they have done, will do or failed to do.

Participation

Good development programming promotes equitable participation, the chance for all members of society to have an informed and consequential voice in decisions that affect them. Participation by men and women, girls and boys is a cornerstone of good governance. Participation can be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. Even representative forms of government do not necessarily ensure that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society are taken into consideration in decision-making. Participation mechanisms can provide the opportunity for transparent feedback so local governments can hear from a broad diversity of people regularly. Participation needs to be informed and organized – freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other. Every community and society incorporates people and groups with distinctly differing points of view and goals. Sustained good governance requires mediating different interests and establishing broad consensus in order for government and citizens to be able to take actions and the society to function without frequent conflict.

Equity and inclusiveness

A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it, do not feel excluded from the mainstream, and therefore want to participate. This requires that all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.

Transparency

Transparency means that decisions, and their enforcement, follow established rules and regulations. It also means that all people who will be affected by such decisions have access to easily understandable information in local languages and accessible to illiterate and blind/deaf community members. Transparency means sharing information and acting in an open manner. It promotes access to information. Information, however, must be timely, relevant, accurate and complete for it to be used effectively such as through community radio. Transparency is also considered essential for controlling corruption in public life. Through public financial accountability and transparency, the government can learn to more efficiently allocate resources. A lack of transparency can lead to inefficiencies and hinder development.

Effectiveness and efficiency

Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at the society’s disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

Responsiveness

Good governance requires that institutions and processes seek to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe and have mechanisms for soliciting ideas and giving updates to constituents. This is a key issue in many societies in transition where governments often pursue competing goals, and a lack of responsiveness can quickly erode trust in government despite its good works.

Trust

The projection of the concept of good governance onto the national system is an orientation of a state as it then progressively boosts people’s trust in their government thereby leading to an improvement in the government services. The government along with the NGO should come up with fair and legitimate projects which the society will accept. Thus in the long run, good governance evolves into stronger aspirations for further democratization.

On Wednesday Dec 2^nd we went to Port Louis to attend a youth parliament. The session was greatly interactive by many youth who have passion to change their country and Africa. It was also honored by some diplomats from Mauritius. I have learned a lot from those talks and arguments, one of the most interesting arguments I liked the one talking how we can govern people in a country either by making laws or education or morality. The question was raised here whether which technique we should use to have a good governance and allow the right conduct of the citizens. My personal opinion is that we should have a mix of the three things mentioned above, they are all dependent on each other. You can’t live in a country where there are good morals but not law because you can’t depend on morals so much because at a certain point morals are relative from one to another. Some people their morals and ethics would be derived from their religious background and others can have their values derived from their culture or heritage. Whether we like it or not, morals and ethics would always be relative from one to another and we can’t have this as a general platform to have good governance. But on the other hand, we can’t deny the effect of morals on the citizens, it’s the inside power that drives people actions, if you have good morals in a society, less crime, less corruption and less problems. As mentioned in the parliament by George that Japan his country is a great example of people living with their morals and ethics based on the way they got raised and lived in home. Therefore I would suggest that reaching to good governance would first start from the families that raise their children with ethics and morals to make them reliable citizens that do good for the country and for others around them. But get back to the point that morals won’t be enough; morals should be governed by set of laws that is above morals. Laws come in at a point where morals could be different because they are relevant as mentioned before. I see law is a cutting sword that sharpens the morals and state what should be legalized and what shouldn’t. Looking around the countries, we can’t find well developed countries without having a set of laws that governs people actions. Laws are essential to make a general platform that people can all be equal and treated fairly under its umbrella. But let’s get back to my start point that stated that morals, education and laws are dependent on each other, because in the case of having laws we need people to enforce those kind of laws that is why now morals and ethics kick in and help out laws. Because if we don’t have ethical people who enforce those laws, then there is no need for laws because people who enforce law can easily take bribes and forgets about the law. Our third corner is education, and I see this as a very important pillar to reach the good governance as with Education you direct people ethics and moral to a more civilized and developed ethics.  It also gives more credibility to the laws set out because they are set by well educated people who have well developed mentalities that by education made them more responsible for the government. Education sets in us integrity, responsibility and smartness that we need to develop a good governance.

The Revolution

• Samuel spoke about the first and second revolution in his home country of Egypt. The first revolution was mostly religion based as it was headed by the Islamic brotherhood, and the second one was military motivated. Now, I could not help but to notice how the first revolution had more bloodshed. Because, according to Samuel “over 700 people were dying in a day at the hands of the Islamic Brotherhood.” This boils back to the essence of religion. I kept asking myself why more people died during a religion based “Revolution” then the military motivated “Revolution”. These are my thesis;
• I would start off by defining “El Revolucion”, and how it can affect the economy of the country. According to Wikipedia, A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, “a turnaround”) is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time. Aristotle described two types of political revolution: Complete change from one constitution to another. 2. Modification of an existing constitution. In other words, someone rises to the occasion of creating a shift in power and constitution. Currently, the status quo is very much the same after two very different revolutions. Not much change has taken place, as Egypt is still in conflict. Samuel was honest enough to say that “Nobody really cares about the aftermath of these revolutions.” Also, proving that inasmuch as a citizen knows their power, few plan for what happen after the revolution ends.
• Secondly, the need of violence in revolutions is a reality that has left many people died, a nation in distress and the economy down. Violence should not be condoned as the case in Afrika. Hundreds and thousands of people lost their lives but bodies like the AU are quiet on the matter. Is it because northern Afrika regards itself more Middle Eastern then Afrikan? The biggest reason raised was that northern Afrika relates with Middle Eastern due to the religion shared. Again, the religion factor has proven over and over how dividing and dangerous it can be.
• According to Doaa S. Abdou*, Zeinab Zaazou’s “THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION AND POST SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT 2013, The Egyptian revolution carries a challenging transition phase, starting out with problems such as low foreign direct investments (FDI), a high budget deficit, a high debt rate, a high unemployment rate, a high poverty rate, and a low standard of living. In addition, the budget deficit is expected to rise from 8.1% in 2009/10 close to 10% in 2010/11, as the interim government boosts spending to offset the impact of the political unrest. The temporary supply shortages that followed the upheaval, coupled with rising international prices of food and fuel have been adding to the pressure on the domestic price level since early 2011. Thus the inflation rate is expected to increase from 11.7% in 2009/10 to 13.4% in 2010/11. This paper tries to answer the following questions: How long will the transition period last? What are the drastic impacts on the political/economic conditions (after revolution), and also the social/sociological environment in Egypt? And what about these impacts within the governance framework? What effect does all that have on neighborhood countries? At last, what are the solutions and remedies that can be suggested to overcome this period and start a new flourishing era? We are aiming to tackle these important topics and examine them through theoretical and descriptive study, hoping to come up with adequate answers and solutions.” These aftermaths are clearly evident 2 years after both revolutions.
• Lastly, has the world legitimized violence via political enthused acts? I argue that in most parts of the world, YES! The world has witness numerous violent attacks that were religious based and of course politically enthused. Nigeria, France, Egypt, Burundi, Libya and South Afrika have seen the violence that is accompanied with “El Revolucion” yet nobody denounced it. When is it okay to okay violence and when is it not?

After my evaluation, I realize there is still so much to be done in conflict resolution for Afrika and the world at large. Also, successions plans ought to be a must to ensure a smooth transaction of power.

The good governance start at oneself, honesty, integrity, accountability are important in the functioning of the public and private sector to minimize corruption we need to be honest in ourselves don’t do anything wrong, respect opinions and views. Efficient and effective methods are important, transparency in all things we do, give the right information to public. I am very interested with this topic and want to learn more. In the book of K.Athal I learn the basic meaning of good governance.

Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society[1].

Need to walk the talk, don’t wait others to do something, think about what I can do to contribute in my country.

Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. Rule of law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force. Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media. Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. Figure 2: Characteristics of good governance Consensus oriented There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community. Equity and inclusiveness – A society’s wellbeing depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their wellbeing. Effectiveness and efficiency Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders[2].

Who is accountable to who varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. Conclusion From the above discussion it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality.

“Mauritian governance needs willing and passionate men and women from all walks of life to actively and constructively participate and this means that the subject needs to be opened up and education needs to take place. It is about educating the young minds and reassuring them that their word and actions can count towards a better country. I feel strongly that this principle when looking at an ideal Mauritian model because it boils down to opening the topic up fully, particularly to the youth of the nation. We should not be treading lightly regarding this topic, we need to trail blaze and inform to encourage passionate and willing men and women to be more involved in their country’s affairs”.[3]

Ramrajya: An Enigmatic Leader’s Rise to Power

Chapter 7 : Good governance p222

I fully agree with Krishna Athal when he mentions that for good governance to work out we need individual involvement of both men and women.  The need to change our mindset is becoming a must in order to reassure the youth who are the prospective leaders.  They will certainly develop the sense of responsibility and be fully involved.  Finally I thank Krishna Athal for bringing such an impactful piece of work that will certainly make readers more conscious about their responsibilities.

[1] What is good governance?, http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf, accessed on 01.12.15

[2] ibid

[3] Krishna Athal, Ramrajya: An Enigmatic Leader’s Rise to Power (Yougen Publishing, 2015), page 222

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf, accessed on 01.12.15

GOOD GOVERNANCE. New term in Africa but yet a myriad of definitions have been out. While the Oxford University defines it as ‘the action of style governing something’, the World Bank in a report defines it as ‘the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development.’

I believe good governance starts at oneself. Firstly let’s conserve qualities like honesty, integrity, accountability which are important in the functioning of the public and private sector. Secondly, as we empower ourselves with knowledge about good governance, we must pass on the knowledge to the young people outside such that they develop good qualities and adopt good governance in their daily life. Thus, education forms part and parcel of good governance programme. We need to walk the talk, don’t wait others to do something, think about what I can do to contribute in my country.

Participation by both men and women is primordial for good governance. We should without doubt train more women to help in decision making and also,not reduce them to inferior as men.In the aim to emancipate women, we must not create low jobs such as entrepreneurship of artisanals only but instead  allow them to have the skills to be a good citizen,to be one of the white-collar job employee.Equality between genders will allow to reach a Good Governance.
Good governance requires a fair legal framework. It also requires full protection of human rights.An important issue to witness by Mauritians whereby the Minister of Good Governance has put forward  that whoever is  not able to prove his property of 7 years old ,his property may be seized.This act is to be voted by the Assembly. I am neutral on this issue but still, if It’s a good governance issue which is to help our people, why so many questions are arising? This act should be made more explicit such that some people do not believe that our system (Mauritian) is violating human rights and that it is a fair one.Moreover, the Assembly will vote , not the whole population.It is more the decision of ministries(voice of voters but not the each individual) who will be applied rather than the decision of the population. Did we not learn about ‘VOX POPULI’?

Transparency? Transparency is much needed to settle good governance in a country. This would mean that decisions taken and their enforcement must be done following rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and readily made at the disposal of those who will be affected by such decisions. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is given well presented by the array of media available. Good governance requires that institutions need to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable time-frame.

Effectiveness and efficiency of Good governance means that resources of the people are used efficiently. The concept of efficiency would also mean good use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. Accountability is very much important in good governance. Governmental institutions, the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders.

It is crystal clear  that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve .It is to be noted that few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance .However, to ensure human development, actions must be taken to work towards Good governance which may give us a beautiful era.

This chapter mainly focuses on good governance in and around Mauritius. The author (Krishna Athal 2015, Ramrajya: An enigmatic leader’s rise to power, Chapter 7: Good Governance, YouGen Publishers, Port Louis, Mauritius, p. 201) starts with giving his views on good governance and question’s whether good governance is a broken dream? He ignites critical thinking not only to the Mauritian citizen but to the global citizen as well.  I find the analysis imperative as many governments in Afrika are YET to understand the importance of good governance.

Down to the basics of good governance

• The author (Krishna Athal 2015, Ramrajya: An enigmatic leader’s rise to power, Chapter 7: Good Governance, YouGen Publishers, Port Louis, Mauritius, p. 203) explains good governance to his readers whilst reiterating how there isn’t necessarily an ideal definition on good governance. Good governance is basically a terminology first used by the West to Afrika as a control mechanism. The reason why I say this is because Afrika first heard the term “Corruption” over ten years ago. What does that say? International bodies want to prescribe how Afrika should be run. Krishna Athal made a lot of references to international bodies and their definition to and of “Good Governance” making it categorically clear that Afrika is yet to define “Good Governance”.
• “Perhaps this is why the concept of good governance is deemed controversial because the term was simply needed and created to combat political issues. More so in terms of Afrika as a continent facing high corruption levels, mismanagement and authoritarian regime abuse. It was clearly identified that telling country’s their governance policies and practices were not good enough was too harsh a criticism, so a term was given to the problem and everyone jumped on board to make seem that it was a collective improvement strategy rather than targeted move to stop the abuse happening in Afrikan countries.” (Krishna Athal 2015, Ramrajya: An enigmatic leader’s rise to power, Chapter 7: Good Governance, YouGen Publishers, Port Louis, Mauritius, p.208) confirms yet again how supervision is given to Afrika to ensure good governance and it’s practices to the people of this great continent, Afrika.

An Ideal Mauritanian Model

• Krishna Athal 2015, Ramrajya: An enigmatic leader’s rise to power, Chapter 7: Good Governance, YouGen Publishers, Port Louis, Mauritius, p. 211 candidly expresses his ideal Mauritius. He articulates in thoughts and desires for women’s participation in the political sphere as it is yet to gain impetus in this era and time, as worrisome and genuine as that sound, it is attainable. I completely agree that in order for good governance to take place and be effective, all parties need to be involved as women play a very crucial role in the development of any democracy.
• In p 212, Krishna Athal puts emphasis on execution, education, culture and religion. These are indeed key factors that are barriers towards good governance. When dealing with a diverse nation as Mauritius, all factors ought to be considered to ensure balance, stability and peace.
• The media needs to take their place and play their role towards a good governed country. Government officials need not to dictate what is to be written and printed, as this can easily lead to censorship and dictatorship.
• Women and youth need to be introduced to entrepreneurial backgrounds (as early as 6 years) to ensure that the Ideal Mauritian model doesn’t remain on paper but that is carried out via implementation. Otherwise, this will remain a dream and dreams ought to be chased and executed before they become a mirage.

Anticipating the coming crisis

• “Good governance in Mauritius will only successfully be fulfilled to its full capacity when the policies set about by the government cater for the Mauritanian people as a whole. “ – (Krishna Athal 2015, Ramrajya: An enigmatic leader’s rise to power, Chapter 7: Good Governance, YouGen Publishers, Port Louis, Mauritius, p.222) this statement gives me the impression that there is some level of tribalism in Mauritius. A people that see the need to first say their tribe then nation needs a serious awakening call as true and genuine governance can only be achieved as a collective. The author in this regards cannot stress enough on the importance of and or promotion of national identity and collectiveness.

The future of Mauritanian political leadership

• As a young Afrikan leader who has had political exposure, I fully fathom Krishna Athal disappointment in the future of Mauritius Political Leadership as this is also an issue globally. However, the author could have focused more on mechanisms on how to ensure a possible future in the political arena of the Republic of Mauritius. Also, how can the old and young integrate for the development and growth of their country? Shouldn’t we look at mentorship programs and succession plans to avoid all the greed and corruption linked to political leaderships?

Better leaders and governance for a better tomorrow

• In this subsection, I agree with the author that good governance is an ideal, however, good governance is possible, and it is within reach. More focus needs to be put on mechanisms certifying the realization of good governance. What policies are in place to safeguard good governance? What is the role of youth and women in good governance in Mauritius?

In conclusion, I would like to thank Krishna Athal for the opportunity to critically review Chapter 7 on Good Governance, (Krishna Athal 2015, Ramrajya: An enigmatic leader’s rise to power, YouGen Publishers, Port Louis, Mauritius). There are a few things I would have loved to read on good governance, I.E. How does good governance influence change? How does good governance strengthen the economy of the country? What are the advantages of good governance? Overall, it was interesting to learn about good governance from a Mauritian perspective. The chapter is ground breaking in terms of transformational leaders. It was indeed a good read! Congratulations  on this well-articulated piece and well done! There is indeed light at the end of the tunnel for Afrika and her children. More Power to the Krishna Athal and all the youth all over the world. We are torch bearers and heirs to the world’s leadership.

Good governance is a topic of growing concern both at the national and international level. In Ramrajya’s 7th chapter the author attempts to provide an overview of how political agents use and influence the concept of good governance to woo the electorate in order to gain votes. More so, it paints the picture of the Mauritian case in terms of what it is, should have been and would ultimately end up as a matter of fact; hence investigating whether this very concept will ever be concretized and establshed or will it remain a beautiful myth?

Conceptually, governance can be defined as the rule of the rulers, basically within a given set of rules.  In other words, governance is the process – by which authority is conferred on rulers, by which they make the rules; ultimately enforced and modified. Typically, good governance is defined in terms of the mechanisms thought to be needed to promote it. The five dimensions of good governance are public sector management, competitive private sector, structure of government, civil society participation and voice, and political accountability. This definition goes well beyond effective delivery of public services and goes well beyond the notion of “economic governance”.

As per the World Bank, governance is the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resource for development while conventional definition outlines the notion of development that underpins a strong pillar of what good governance should actually stand for.  This international institution therefore is using financial assistance as leverage to promote good governance in developing and less developed countries. The idea put forward by the author is basically questioning whether or not the whole process of encouraging good practices in any country through financial aid is a democratic practice. He draws our attention towards the fact that some of the world’s least cooperative country in good governance are from Africa and also forces us to reflect on significant questions of good governance being simply a cyclical concept and deliberately choosing not to do the right things first.

There are important questions that have direct bearing on the quality of Mauritian democratic governance. For a country that is often celebrated in the African continent for its excellent democratic and governance indices (WB indicators, Ibrahim Governance Index, Freedom House), Mauritius is far from being the picture perfect example as evidenced by the successive high profile corruption related events the recurrent wastage / mis-management of public funds detailed by the annual audit report as well as the growing culture of political patronage and cronyism causing many of the best Mauritian brains to migrate to greener pastures.

In fact, what is worrying is that the above mentioned features are becoming an integral part of the Mauritian setup where there is a deliberate collusion between the politicians, certain public servants and a section of the business world. Such a scenario crowds out the population who often has to pay a heavy price for the corruptive practices or incompetence of a small clique.

A first reading indicates essentially a supply –side governance framework which provides for the establishment of independent institutions to promote accountability and good governance principles. Furthermore, Mauritius along with the aging population problem also faces the excessively firm rooting of older politicians into the political process whilst discouraging youngsters to participate into same. The author finds that Mauritius faces the change of consistency and its ability to maintain it. However, it is worth noting that innovative ideas work best when past experiences are studied and taken into consideration; at the time of implementing the new ideas.

State legitimacy and good governance do not only depend on regular elections but a good functioning of institutions which articulate well with citizen engagement. Such articulation can help towards democratic consolidation and can contribute to making societies more cohesive and sustainable. Such societies are more likely to turn into poverty-free spaces and hence more just and fair. Ethical governance is central to all of this. Effective governance is obtained by going into the heart of all developmental processes within a country and having collective participation.

As such, democracy is not a precondition for good governance. As individuals, we should instead take up the responsibility collectively and get involved in the policy and accountability of government to bring about the change.